Applications of laser, optics & photonics are abundant. They include in our everyday life to the most advanced science, e.g. information processing , light detection, spectroscopy,  Laser cooling telecommunications, lighting , information processing, lighting, metrology, laser material processing , spectroscopy, medicine, military technology, bio photonics, agriculture, robotics, and visual art.  They are also used in Spectroscopy, Heat Treatment, Lunar laser ranging, Photochemistry, Laser scanner, Nuclear fusion, Microscopy, Modelling and Designing of optical systems using physical optics, Superposition and interference, Diffraction and optical resolution and many more.

There are many applications for laser, optics and photonics other than medicine. The other fields where the laser, optics and photonics are used are industries, defence, and scientific researchers. The development in this sector leads to the betterment of human life. This also affects the economic growth of the country. Some of the applications are ultrafast laser pumping, biophotonics research, annealing, LED laser lift-off, chemical detection and LIDAR.

The acronym of LASER is Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. According to physics light is an electromagnetic wave which has its own brightness and color. It vibrates at a certain angle, called polarization. The lasers can be used to focus very small diameters where the concentration of light energy becomes so great that you can cut, drill or turn with the beam. The lasers can illuminate and examine very tiny details with lasers, thus it is used in surgical appliances and CD players as well. Lasers are monochromatic, so it has only one light wavelength. It is a study that deals with generation of electromagnetic radiation, properties of that radiation. It is also deals with the interaction of that radiation with the matter. The researchers develop the light source that span the electromagnetic radiation from microwaves to X-rays. This includes the generation and detection of light and linear and nonlinear process. Some of the applications are low coherence interferometry, spectroscopy, and Laser spectroscopy. The application optical science creates advancements in medicine, manufacturing, communication and entertainment.

Optical communications networks are enhancing a vital role such as there is high demand for capacity links. DWDM which means dense wavelength division multiplexing is widely deployed at the core networks to deliver high capacity transport systems. Optical components such as, tunable filters, termination devices, optical amplifiers transceivers, and add-drop multiplexers are becoming more trustworthy and affordable. Access network and metropolitan area networks are increasingly built with optical technologies to overcome the electronic blockage at network edges. Subsystems and new components for very high speed optical networks offer a new design options. Free-space optical communication has been arranged in space, while terrestrial forms are naturally limited by weather, geography and the availability of light.

Photonic applications are in the range of near-infrared light and visible. Other emergent fields include opto-atomics, in which it integrates both photonic and atomic devices for applications such as precision timekeeping, metrology, navigation and Polari tonics, which vary from photonics in that the fundamental information carrier is a polarizing, which is a mixture of phonons and photons, and operates in the range of frequencies from 300 gigahertz to almost 10 terahertz. Lasers are a technology commonly used in our everyday lives. Lasers are in the optical drives in computers, in barcode readers in the grocery store, in aesthetic and dental treatments, in surgical procedures, manufacturing and more. While the science of light itself has not changed, laser technology has advanced rapidly and today we have a myriad of laser types that wouldn’t have been thought possible 60 years ago. Some of the latest advances include the all-silicon laser, a holmium doped laser on a silicon photonics platform and a flying microlaser.

A quantum sensor is a gadget that adventures quantum relationships, for example, quantum entrapment to accomplish affectability or the determination that is superior to can achieve utilizing just traditional frameworks. A quantum sensor can quantify the impact of the quantum condition of elective framework independent from anyone else. Quantum sensor is the term utilized as a part of different settings wherever caught quantum frameworks are intimidated to improve more touchy magnetometers or nuclear timekeepers. Quantum Photonics is to investigate the crucial highlights of quantum mechanics and furthermore the work towards future photonic quantum innovations by controlling, producing and estimating single photons and in addition the quantum frameworks that emanate photons.

The laser has driven both scientific and technological innovation in every facet of modern life. The laser shows the sign of continuing its unique and creative role. The role of the laser is expanding. The main reason why the laser is so special because it allows us to harness light in unique way. Finding new uses for laser technology will provide the most dramatic breakthroughs. Some of the development will be far-reaching medical diagnosis, dramatically more efficient computers and communications, laser boost energy application and security and protection.

Significant investigation in optics material science is additionally quick to quantum optics and rationality. In optics material science, look into is additionally animated in territories, for example, ultra-short electromagnetic fields, the nonlinear reaction of disengaged iotas to an extreme, quantum properties of the electromagnetic field, and the molecule pit connection at high fields. Optomechanics  refer to the sub-field of physics involving the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation (photons) with mechanical systems via radiation pressure (also see cavity optomechanics) or the manufacture and maintenance of optical parts and devices.

Optics passage and genuine infiltration can vary completely depending upon the absorptivity of the astrophysical atmosphere. Optics infiltration is a measure of the obliteration coefficient or absorptivity up to positive 'significance' of a star's beautifiers. The doubt here is that either the ending coefficient or the area number thickness is known. These can generally be figured from various conditions if a significant part of the information is pondered the substance makeup of the star. Optics profundity can henceforth be thought of as the imperiousness of a medium. The end coefficient can be discovered using the trade condition.

Bio photonics can also be described as the advance and examined, i.e. scattering material, on a microscopic or macroscopic scale application of optical techniques particularly imaging, to study of biological molecules, tissue and cells. One of the main benefits of using optical techniques which make up bio photonics is that they reserve the reliability of the biological cells being.

Optoelectronics is the field of technology that associates the physics of light with electricity. It incorporates the design, study and manufacture of hardware devices that convert electrical signals into photon signals and photons signals to electrical signals. Any device that operates as an electrical-to-optical or optical-to-electrical is considered an optoelectronic device. Optoelectronics is built up on the quantum mechanical effects of light on electronic materials, sometimes in the presence of electric fields, especially semiconductors. Optoelectronic technologies comprise of laser systems, remote sensing systems, fibre optic communications, optical information systems, and electric eyes medical diagnostic systems.

Nanoparticles and nanomaterial have different fundamental properties. The applications of laser radiation in the nanotechnology are ranging from fabrication, melting and evaporating. This process is done to change the shape, structure, size and size distribution. The progress in the field of nanotechnology is greatly relied on the uses of lasers. The combination of laser and nanotechnology in the field of cancer treatment has made a good progress over the year. There are many application of laser in the nanotechnology which will be discussed in detail in this section.

The clinical practice of optometry for the pediatric patients is done to reduce the risk of vision loss and facilitate normal visual development. This pediatric population can be applied to patients between birth and 18 years of age.

Laser technique directs short, concentrated pulsating beams of light at irregular skin, precisely removing skin layer by layer. This popular procedure is also called lasabrasion, laser peel, or laser vaporization. The two types of lasers most commonly used in laser resurfacing are carbon dioxide (CO2) and erbium. Each laser vaporizes skin cells damaged at the surface-level. This method has been used for years to treat different skin issues, including wrinkles, scars, warts, enlarged oil glands on the nose, and other conditions. The newest version of CO2 laser resurfacing (fractionated CO2) uses very short pulsed light energy (known as ultra-pulse) or continuous light beams that are delivered in a scanning pattern to remove thin layers of skin with minimal heat damage. One of the benefits of erbium laser resurfacing is minimal burning of surrounding tissue. This laser causes fewer side effects. such as swelling, bruising, and redness. So your recovery time should be faster than with CO2 laser resurfacing.

Nanophotonics or nano-optics is the study of the behavior of light on the nanometer scale, and of the interaction of nanometer-scale objects with light. It is a branch of optics, optical engineering, electrical engineering, and nanotechnology. It often (but not exclusively) involves metallic components, which can transport and focus light via surface plasmon polaritons. Metamaterials are artificial materials engineered to have properties that may not be found in nature. They are created by fabricating an array of structures much smaller than a wavelength. The small (nano) size of the structures is important: That way, light interacts with them as if they made up a uniform, continuous medium, rather than scattering off the individual structures.

Fiber lasers are basically different from other laser types; in a fiber laser the active medium that produces the laser beam is actually isolated within the fiber optic itself. This discriminates them from fiber-delivered lasers where the beam is merely transported from the laser resonator to the beam delivery optics. Fiber lasers are now widely known because of its most focusable or highest brightness of any laser type. The essentially scalable concept of fiber lasers has been used to scale multimode fiber lasers up to the output power greater than 50 kW and single mode fiber lasers capable of 10kW in power. Optical imaging is an imaging technique that usually describes the behavior of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light used in imaging. Since light is an electromagnetic wave, similar portents occur in X-rays, microwaves, radio waves.

Trials with laser beam showed that a finely focused beam from a carbon dioxide gas laser could cut through human tissue effortlessly and neatly. The surgeon could direct the beam from any angle by using a mirror attached on a movable metal arm. Lasers were considered as most effective in operating on parts that are easy to reach-areas on the body's exterior, including the ears, skin, mouth, eyes and nose. But in recent years doctors have established the remarkable progress in emerging laser techniques for use in internal exploration and surgery. For illustration lasers are gradually used to clean plaque from people's arteries.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) or Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is a surface sensitive technique which enhances Raman scattering by the molecules adsorbed on the rough metal surfaces or by the nanostructures such as plasmonic magnetic silica nanotubes and the enhancement factor can be as much as 1010 to 1011, which means the technique may detect single molecules. The electromagnetic theory recommends the excitation of localized surface Plasmon’s, and then the chemical theory recommends the formation of charge transfer complexes. Electromagnetic theory can put on even in those cases where the specimen is physically absorbed only to the surface. It has been shown lately that SERS enhancement can occur even when excited molecule is relatively far apart from the surface which swarms metallic nanoparticles enabling surface Plasmon phenomenon.

Nonlinear optics (NLO) is the branch of optics that describes the behavior    of light in nonlinear media, that is, media in which the dielectric polarization P responds nonlinearly to the electric field E of the light. The nonlinearity is typically observed only at very high light intensities (values of atomic electric fields, typically 108 V/m) such as those provided by lasers. Above the Schwinger limit, the vacuum itself is expected to become nonlinear. In nonlinear optics, the superposition principle no longer holds.

Terahertz optics is a branch of optics and photonics that studies electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.1 and 1 millimetre, so-called because this corresponds to a frequency of approximately one terahertz (a trillion hertz). Topics covered include terahertz sources, on- and off-resonant control using intense terahertz pulses, quantum cascade lasers, superconducting terahertz emitters and terahertz plasmonics. Terahertz electromagnetic radiation is one of the last remaining unexplored regions of the electromagnetic spectrum; occupying a large portion of the spectrum between the infrared and microwave bands. Photonic devices are components for creating, manipulating or detecting light. This can include laser diodes, light-emitting diodes, solar and photovoltaic cells, displays and optical amplifiers.